IMMUNOTOXICITY OF MONOCHROTOPHOS AND PHOXIM ON ALBINO RATS التسمم المناعي لمبيدي المونوکروتوفوس والفوکسيم في الفئران البيضاء

Document Type : Original Article

Abstract

ABSTRACT :




                Two organophosphorus pesticides monochrotophos and phoxim have been tested for their immunotoxicity in rats using organ weight, hematological and biochemical tests on blood as well as histopathological assessment. One hundred albino rats, three months age, obtained from Experimental Animal House of Assiut University were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into five groups. Each group consisted of twenty animals and subjected to the following treatment: first group was given daily 2 mg monochrotophos/kg b. w. (1/10 LD50), 2nd group was given daily 1 mg monochrotophos/kg b. w. (1/20 LD50), 3rd group was given daily 200 mg phoxim/kg b. w. (1/10 LD50), 4th group was given daily 100 mg phoxim/kg b. w. (1/20 LD50) orally by stomach tube, 5th group was kept as control.
                Exposure for one-month resulted in a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and globulin values of treated animals in comparison with controls. A significant decrease was also observed in IgG and IgM in animals treated with 1/10 LD50 of both pesticides. A significant increase was recorded in GST level of treated animals in comparison with control ones after exposure for one month except those received the low dose of monochrotophos.
                A highly significant decrease in total protein as well as globulin values was observed in both concentrations of both pesticides after exposure for two months. IgM levels showed a highly significant decrease in animals treated with 1/10 LD50 of both pesticides but it was significantly decreased in animals exposed to the low dose. IgG levels was significantly decreased in animals exposed to the high dose only. GST level of all treated animals showed a highly significant increase in comparison with control group after exposure for two months.
                The histopathological results revealed necrosis of the lymphocytic elements in both lymph node and spleen seen after one month of exposure and exaggerated at the end of the experiment. This was associated with decrease and even absence of B cell in transformation. The liver showed hydropic degeneration of the hepatocytes reached to focal area of necrosis at the end of the experiment.
                In conclusions: this study indicated that humoral immune responses were decreased in a dose-time dependent pattern as the immunosupresive effects of monochrotophos and phoxim were increased in animals exposed to the higher doses of these pesticides for the longer duration.




تم استخدام مائة فأراً أبيضاً تبلغ من العمر ثلاثة أشهر، قسمت إلى خمس مجموعات متساوية . أعطيت المجموعة الأولى والثانية  1/20 و 1/10  من الجرعة نصف المميتة من مبيد المونوکروتوفوس والثالثة والرابعة  1/20 و 1/10  من الجرعة نصف المميتة من مبيد الفوکسيم على التوالي يومياً مذابة بماء الصنبور، بينما استخدمت المجموعة الخامسة کمجموعة ضابطة تعطى نفس الکمية من الماء بدون المبيد. وقد تم وزن الفئران قبل وفي نهاية التجربة، وبعد مضي شهراً من بداية التجربة تم ذبح عشر فئران من کل مجموعة وعند مضي شهرين تم ذبح باقي الفئران، وقد تم جمع عينات من الدم للفحص البيوکيميائي وکذلک الأعضاء مثل الطحال والغدد الليمفاوية والکبد للفحص الهستوباثولوجي .
أوضحت النتائج حدوث انخفاض معنوي في مستويات البروتين الکلي، الألبيومين والجلوبين، في الفئران المتعرضة للمبيدين بدون اختلاف معنوي بينهما سواء بعد التعرض لمدة شهر أو شهرين مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة. کما ثبت من التجربة حدوث انخفاض معنوي في مستوى الأجسام المناعية (IgG & IgM) بعد التعرض للجرعة الأعلى فقط من هذه المبيدات بعد شهر من بداية التجربة ، وکان الانخفاض أکثر معنوية بعد التعرض لمدة شهرين وبخاصة IgM في الجرعة الأعلى.
وتبين من النتائج حدوث زيادة معنوية متفاوتة في نشاط خميرة الجلوتاثايون إس ترانسفيريز بعد التعرض لمدة شهر، إلا أن هذه الزيادة کانت في أعلى درجاتها بعد التعرض للمبيدين لمدة شهرين سواء في الجرعة الأقل أو الأعلى . وکانت نسبة الفقد في وزن الجسم واضحة نتيجة للتعرض للجرعة الأعلى سواء بعد شهر أو شهرين من بداية التجربة مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة، وأحدثت الجرعة الأقل من هذه المبيدات انخفاضاً في معدل زيادة وزن الجسم عند التعرض لمدة شهر أو شهرين مقارنة مع المجموعة الضابطة، کما حدث انخفاض في وزن الطحال في جميع الحيوانات وإن بدا أشد في الجرعة الأعلى، وسلک العدد الکلي لکرات الدم البيضاء نفس الإتجاه في الانخفاض والشدة .
أظهر الفحص الهستوباثولوجي وجود تنکرز في الغدد الليمفاوية بعد شهر من بداية التجربة وبعد شهرين لوحظ وجود تليف في الغدد الليمفاوية، کما أظهر الفحص المناعي قلة في عدد الخلايا الليمفاوية واختفائها تماماً في نهاية التجربة، وکذا في الطحال لوحظ تنکرز في الخلايا الليمفاوية في الکريات البيضاء والحمراء، أما في الکبد فقد لوحظت استحالات في خلايا الکبد مع زيادة في الخلايا المحببة الحمراء ووحيدة النواة بعد شهر من بداية التجربة ووجدت مناطق تنکرزية مصحوبة بنزيف دموي ووجود خلايا التهابية في نهاية التجربة .
ودلت النتائج علي التأثير المثبط الواضح لهذه المبيدات على الجهاز المناعي وإن بدا أشد مع طول فترة التعرض ومع زيادة الجرعة المتعرض لها، الأمر الذي يزيد من خطورة هذه المبيدات في إحداث نقص المناعة وضعف المقاومة للأمراض المختلفة .

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