SURVEY OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN FRESHWATER FISHES IN ASSIUT GOVERNORATE, EGYPT بعض الملوثات البيئية بأسماک المياه العذبة بمحافظة أسيوط

Document Type : Original Article

Abstract

ABSTRACT :




                Fifty samples representing eight species of freshwater Fish (Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias lazera, Labeo niloticus, Bagrus bajad, Synodontis schall, Morymyrus niloticus, Lates niloticus and Malapterurus electricus) were collected randomly from different sources at Assiut during March to August 2001. The samples were analyzed for residues of persistent organochlorines (p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD, alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta HCH isomers, aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and its epoxide, endrin, HCB, chlordane isomers (α-, γ- and oxychlordane), and the elements lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), total mercury (Hg), total arsenic (As), chromium (Cr) and copper (Cu). Pesticide residues were analyzed by using Gas Chromatography (GC-ECD). Pb, Cd, Cr and Cu were analyzed by using GF- AAS. Mercury levels were measured by using automated cold vapor atomic absorption spectrophotometer (CV-AAS). Arsenic was analyzed by using hydride generation atomic absorption spectrophotometer (HG-AAS). All analyses were done in the Chemistry Department, the Federal Institute for Veterinary Medicine Examinations, Mödling, Austria.
                DDT was still the most prominent pesticide that represented with one or more metabolites in all investigated species. Among other pesticides, HCB and endrin were the most widespread. HCH isomers were found at relatively few incidences and characterized by very low concentrations. Total chlordane isomers (α-, γ- and oxychlordane) and transnonachlor residues were detected in two fish species only. Aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and its epoxide could not be detected in all tested species.
                The most persistent DDT metabolite (p,p'-DDE) was detected in all samples and averaged 67.3% of total DDT residue values although in some species reached more than 80%. The other main metabolite (DDD) averaged 15%. The parent compounds (p,p’-DDT and o,p’-DDT) averaged 17% of the total DDT. Collectively, these findings indicated a low rat of influx and continued weathering of DDT in the environment. Nevertheless, DDT concentrations in some fish species remained high enough to constitute a hazard to fish consumers.
                All detected DDT values were below the recommended maximum residue levels (5000 ng/g fresh wt.) in aquatic animals used for human consumption in some countries. Nevertheless, total DDT exceeded the recommended lower residue levels in four, three and five samples of Bagrus bajad, Morymyrus niloticus and Lates niloticus, respectively.
                For elemental contaminants, the mean concentrations of Pb and Cd were 107.271, 251.583, 138.00, 143.917, 247.781, 172.063, 176.40, 190.188 and 12.258, 10.708, 12.542, 11.25, 16.063, 16.5, 11.75 and 16.5 μg/kg wet weight in O. niloticus, C. lazera, Labeo niloticus, B. bajad, S. schall, M. niloticus, Lates niloticus and M. electricus, respectively. Hg and As mean values reached 16.197, 57.045, 23.192, 76.33, 29.374, 78.958, 58.459, 68.91 and 13.0, 14.0, 12.833, 61.00, 14.875, 98.563, 34.25, 16.5 μg/kg wet weight in the investigated species, respectively. Cr and Cu mean levels were 191.358, 310.667, 137.667, 142.00, 231.25, 385.719, 105.20, 136.50 and 386.221, 574.833, 640.667, 808.833, 633.50, 735.75, 824.25 and 714.25 μg/kg wet weight in these tested fish species, respectively.
                Concerning the health hazards to fish consumers, all investigated fish species had lead with mean values above the maximum Egyptian permissible limit (0.1 mg/kg) in fresh fishes. All cadmium and Hg concentrations were lower than the maximum Egyptian recommended limit of 0.1 and 0.5 mg/kg wet weight. In Egypt no legal limits for the arsenic levels in fish products have been established. The concentrations of total arsenic in all investigated species were below the maximum permitted level (1 μg/g wet weight) by the strictest international legislation in seafood. Health hazards of these contaminants were discussed.
          تم في هذه الدراسة فحص 50 عينة ممثلة لثمانية أنواع من أسماک المياه العذبة بأسيوط (البلطي النيلي، القرموط، اللبس، البياض، الشال، البويز، اللاتس والرعاد)، وذلک لتقدير کمية متبقيات المبيدات الکلورينية العضوية وکذلک مستويات کل من عناصر الرصاص، الکادميوم، الزئبق، الزرنيخ، الکروم والنحاس بأنسجة هذه الأسماک .
            وقد أوضحت النتائج أن مستويات متبقيات المبيدات العضوية انخفض عن مثيله مقارنة بالدراسات السابقة ، حتى أن بعضها لم يوجد بالعينات التي تم فحصها على الرغم من أن بعضاً منها لا زالت موجودة بنفس النسب المئوية السابقة مثل مبيد الدي دي تي ومشتقاته (بارا بارا دي دي إي، بارا بارا دي دي دي ، بارا بارا دي دي تي) حيث کان أکثر الملوثات تواجداً في کل العينات التي تم تحليلها (100%) تلاه الهکساکلوروبنزين ثم الإندرين.
            تراوح مدى متوسط قيمة الدي دي تي الکلى بين 68.71-3464.848 ميکروجرام/کيلوجرام دهن، بارا بارا دي دي إي بينما کان مدى مماثلات الهکساکلوروسيکلوهکسان الکلى 3.03-16.3 ميکروجرام/کيلو جرام مکونة بصورة رئيسية من مشتق بيتا هکساکلوروسيکلوهکسان، والذي لوحظ انخفاضه بشکل کبير ولم يوجد إلا في ثلاثة أنواع فقط من هذه الأسماک. وکانت معدلات تواجد الهکساکلوروبنزين والإندرين تالية للدي دي تي بينما تواجد مرکبات الکلوردان في نوعين فقط من الأسماک. وفى حدود قياسات هذه الدراسة لم توجد عينة واحدة تحتوى على الألدرين، الداي الدرين، الهبتاکلور، الهبتاکلورإبوکسيد .
            وقد تبين من الدراسة أن أياً من العينات التي تم فحصها لم تتعد الحد الأقصى المسموح به من بعض الدول والوارد في تقرير منظمة الأغذية والزراعة من الدي دي تي (5000 ميکروجرام/کيلو جرام)، بينما تعدت اثنتي عشرة عينة الحد الأدنى المسموح به من الدي دي تي الکلي. وکانت جميع مستويات الهکساکلوروسيکلوهکسان الکلى والهکساکلوروبنزين أقل من المعدلات المسموح بها في الأسماک. وتبين احتواء أحد عشر عينة وعينتان من هذه الأسماک على مبيدي الإندرين والکلوردان الکلي بمستويات أعلى من المعدل النمساوي المسموح والموصى به في الأسماک .
            وتراوحت قيم متوسطات الرصاص في الأسماک المختلفة ما بين 107.271 و 251.583 جزء في البليون وزن طازج متعدية بذلک الحد الأقصى المصري المسموح بتواجده من عنصر الرصاص وهو 0.1 جزء في المليون وزن طازج. بينما تراوحت قيم متوسطات عنصر الکادميوم ما بين 10.708 و 16.5 جزء في البليون وزن طازج في الأسماک المفحوصة ولم يتعد أي ترکيز الحد المصري المسموح به من الکادميوم وهو 0.1 جزء في المليون وزن طازج.
            وکانت ترکيزات عنصر الزئبق والذي يعتبر من السموم الخطيرة على الجهاز العصبي أقل من المعدلات العالمية وکذلک أقل من الحد المسموح به في مصر وهو 0.5 جزء في المليون ، إلا أن تناول بعض هذه الأسماک قد يمثل خطورة إذا ما تعدت کمية نصف کيلو يومياً. وبلغ مدى ترکيز عنصر الزئبق 16.197 – 78.958 جزء في البليون وزن طازج.
            ولم تتعد ترکيزات عنصر الزرنيخ المعدلات العالمية المسموح بها من هذا العنصر في الأسماک، وتراوحت قيم متوسطات الزرنيخ ما بين 12.833 و 98.563 جزء في البليون وزن طازج. وبلغت ترکيزات متوسطات عنصري الکروم والنحاس والذين يعتبران من العناصر الأساسية للعمليات الحيوية للجسم ما بين 105.2 – 385.719 ، 386.221 – 824.25 جزء في المليون.
            وثبت من النتائج أن ترکيزات غالبية هذه الملوثات من مبيدات وعناصر ثقيلة کان أقل مما تم رصده وقياسه في دراسات سابقة لبعض هذه الأنواع من أسماک نهر النيل. کما تبين أن مبيد الدي دي تي ومشتقاته وکذلک عنصر الرصاص لا زالت تمثل خطورة على مستهلکي هذه الأسماک، الأمر الذي يتطلب معه الاستمرار في اتخاذ الإجراءات الصارمة والرادعة نحو تقليل ضخ هذه الملوثات للبيئة المائية ووضع برنامج قومي لرصد هذه الملوثات في المياه والأسماک وجميع مکونات البيئة المائية للحد من خطورة تعرض الإنسان لها سواء عن طريق مياه الشرب وتناول الأسماک  کمصدر رئيسي للبروتين الحيواني.

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