تقييم المياه الجوفية ودورها فى استصلاح الأراضى بمحافظة سوهاج EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN SOHAG GOVERNORATE AND ITS ROLE IN LAND RECLAMATION ACTIVITIES

Document Type : Original Article

Abstract

الملخص :




          يحد محافظة سوهاج من الجهة الشرقية والغربية  هضبة الحجر الجيرى التابع لعصر الايوسين السفلى والتى تکون حدود وادى النيل بمنطقة سوهاج. ويقطع الهضبة عدد من الوديان الجافة التى تتجه ناحية نهر النيل وتبلغ مساحة أحواض الصرف لهذه الوديان حوالى 175821 فدان (740 کم2). وقد شهدت المحافظة فى الآونة الأخيرة نشاط مکثف للاستصلاح المناطق الصحراوية لهذه الوديان حيث بلغ إجمالى ما تم استصلاحه حوالى 70028 فدان (295 کم2) وتمثل المنطقة الباقية مساحة تقدر بحوالى 43420 فدان يمکن استزراعها والباقى عبارة عن مرتفعات وتلال يصعب استغلالها فى الاستصلاح الزراعى. وبناء على الدراسات الهيدوجيولوجية والجيوکهربية والجيوکيميائية أمکن تقسيم المياه الجوفية حسب تواجدها وکفاءة الخزان الجوفى إلى ثلاثة مناطق رئيسية بسوهاج تمثل المنطقة الأولى بالخزان شبة المحصور تحت الأراضى الزراعية القديمة حيث يتميز بوجود کميات کبيرة من المياه الجوفية ذات النوعية الجيدة الصالحة للاستخدامات المختلفة. ويثمتل بطبقات الرمل الخشن والزلط التابع للعصر البليوستوسينى .  ويحاط هذا الجزء بحزام ضيق ذات کفاءة ونوعية متوسطة من المياه الجوفية ويترکز فى هذا الحزام معظم أنشطة استصلاح الأراضى بالمنطقة. أما الجزء الثالث فيتمثل فى نطاق ضيق يحتوى على کميات قليلة من المياه الجوفية وذات ملوحة عالية. ويعتبر التسرب من مياه الرى فى الأراضى الزراعية من أهم مصادر تغذية الخزان الجوفى بالمنطقة. ويتسبب السحب العشوائى من المياه لعمليات الرى والغير منظم فى مشکلات عديدية أهمها ضعف کفاءة الآبار وتدهور نوعية المياه فى الخزان الجوفى. وقد تم وضع عدد من الإجراءات والتوصيات الخاصة بتحسين استخدام المياه، وکذلک تطوير کفاءة الاستصلاح الزراعى بمنطقة سوهاج .
ABSTRACT:
                The Nile valley in Sohag Governorate is bounded by the Lower Eocene limestone scarps that form the boundary of the Nile Valley in Sohag.  These plateaus are dissected by a number of drainage basins (dry wadis) that drains towards the valley from the east and the west. The surface areas of these basins are around 175821  feddan (740 km2).  Recent activities of the land cultivation are carried out in the area covering about 70028 feddan (295 km2) while 43420 feddan (182 km2) could be reclaimed. The remaining area of about 62373 feddan (263 km2) is not suitable for land reclamation due to the unsuitability of the soils, limited water availability and the associated high costs.  Based on the hydrogeological, geoelectrical and hydrochemical studies, groundwater in the area is divided into three zones; the first zone is located under the old cultivated lands where the aquifers is presented by the Pleistocene sand and gravels of the semi-confined conditions. This zone represents the highest groundwater potentiality and the good quality water that is suitable for the different purposes of use. This zone is surrounded by medium groundwater potentiality zone and acceptable water quality. The zone is adjacent to the old cultivated lands and groundwater exists under unconfined conditions. Most of the land cultivation activities are restricted to this zone.  The last zone represents the lowest groundwater potentiality of high salt contents and bounded by no water zone that located adjacent to the limestone scarp.  The recharge to the aquifer is made by the infiltration from the irrigation water to the semi-confined aquifer that seeps laterally to the unconfined part of the aquifer under the desert areas, in addition to the percolation of the irrigation water in the reclaimed areas. The land reclamation activities in the area depends on the extraction of  groundwater from the water bearing  layers where uncontrolled  heavy pumping are carried  out to meet the water requirement which may lead to aquifer depletion.  In the present articles, mitigation measures and recommendation are given to improve the efficiency of land reclamation in the desert areas surrounding Sohag Governorate.

References

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