DEVELOPMENT OF A PROPHYLACTIC METHOD AGAINST RABBIT ENTEROTOXAEMIA استحداث طريقة غير تقليدية للوقاية من التسمم المعوي فى الأرانب

Document Type : Original Article

Abstract

ABSTRACT :




                The antimicrobial effect of tannic acid and raw material of Acacia nilotica fruits and leaves (tannin-rich plant) on Clostridium perfringens were comparatively evaluated. Different concentrations) 10 mg to 10 μg/ml)of tannic acid; fruits, and leaves were tested on Cl. perfringens. The obtained results revealed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations were 156, 75 and 100 μg/ml for tannic acid, fruits and leaves, respectively. Concerning “in vivo” experiment, 30 rabbits were randomly divided into 6 groups (5 in each) after acclimatization. Each animal of the first 5 groups received 1 ml of Cl. perfringens suspension per Os by stomach tube. In the next day each group was given drinking water with different tannin concentrations ad libitum through out the experiment. Faecal samples were collected to check the excretion rate of Cl. perfringens. The results revealed that, tannic acid leads to drastic reduction of Cl. perfringens count in the animal’s gut. The excretion rate of Cl. perfringens was reversibly proportional to the tannic acid content of the drinking water. No significance reduction of Cl. perfringens count was recorded in animal’s group consumed water with 0.5% tannic acid. Increasing tannic acid concentration reduced the excretion rate of Cl. perfringens. No Cl. perfringens could be detected in the faecal matter of some animals got 2% tannic acid within 1-3 weeks. Moreover, no Cl. perfringens could be detected in the faecal matter of most animals got 4% tannic acid after few days of treatment.
تم فى هذا البحث دراسة التأثير المثبط لحمض التانيک وأيضاً مطحون ثمار وأوراق نبات السنط على ميکروب الکلوسترديوم برفرنجنز . أظهرت النتائج أن ترکيز 156 ميکروجرام/ملي من الحمض کانت کافيه لقتل کل الميکروبات فى خلال ساعة تقريبا من ناحية أخري وجد أن 75 ميکروجرام/ملي من الثمار و100 ميکرو جرام/ملي من الأوراق کانت کافيه  لقتل الميکروبات فى خلال نفس المدة. أظهرت النتائج أن هناک تناسبا عکسيا بين کميه المادة المضافة وعدد الميکروب في براز الحيوان. هذه النتائج تثبت أن أضافه ثمار أو أوراق نبات السنط بکميات قليلة إلى علائق هذه الحيوانات يؤدي إلى انخفاض عدد الميکروبات المرضية فى معي الحيوان مما يؤدى  إلى حماية الحيوان من مرض التسمم المعويفي هذا الخصوص وجد أن إضافة حامض التانيک بنسبه 2% کانت کافيه لهذا الغرض.

REFERENCES :
Al-sheikhly, F., and Truscott, R.B. (1977): The inactivation of Clostridium perfringens and its toxins in the production of necrotic entritis of chickens. Avian diseases, 21: 256-263.
Austin, P.J.; Suchar, L.A.; Robbins, C.T. , and Hagerman, A.E. (1989): Tannin-binding proteins in saliva of deer and their absence in saliva of sheep and cattle. J. chem.. Ecol., 15: 1335-1339.
Babiker, S.H. (1996): Production of Vet. Vaccines in the Sudan. Ber. Munch. Tieraerztl. Woschen., 109: 8-9.
Baily, W.R., and Scott, E.G. (1994): Diagnostic microbiology. 9th Ed. The C.V.Mosby, Saint Louis.
Baker, D.G. (1998): Natural pathogensis of laboratory mice, rats, and rabbits and their effects on research. Clin. Microbiology. Rev., 11: 231-266.
Baskerville, M.; Wood, M., and Seamer, J.H. (1980): Cl. perfringens type E enterotoxaemia in rabbits. Vet. Rec., 107 (1): 18-19.
Carman, R.J. and Borriello, S.P. (1982): Clostridium spiroforme isolated from rabbits with diarrhoea. Vet. Rec., 111: 461-462.
Carman, R.J. and Borriello, S.P. (1984):Infections nature of Cl.spiroforme-mediated rabbit enterotoxaemia. Vet. Microbiol., 9: 497-502.
Clark, R.T.J. and Reid, C.S.W. (1974): “Foamy bloat of cattle” A review. J. dairy cattle, 57:753-785.
Cruickshank, R.; Dugid, I.P.; Mormion, B.P., and Swain, R.H. (1980): Medical Microbiology, 12th Ed., Vol. 11, reprinted Churhill Livingstone and Robert Stevenson Endinburg EHI 3 HF.
Dugan, L.J. (1976): “Lipids” In: Principle of food science part1; food chemistry, (Ed. Fennena, O.R., pp. 139. Marcel, Dekker, Inc., New York).
Eaton, P., and Fernie, D.S. (1980): Enterotoxaemia invloving Cl. perfringens iota toxin in a hysterectomy-derived rabbits colony. Lab. Animals, 14 (1): 347-351.
Fatou-Rakotobe, J., anmdRajanarison, J. (1996): Technologie der Herstellung von Anigenen gegenBodenseuchen in Madagasker. Br. Munch. Tieraerztl. Woschr., 109: 6-7.
Gillespy, J.H., and Timoney, J.F. (1981): Infectious diseases of domestic animals. Comstock publishing Associates, Cornell University press, Ithaca and London.
Henis, Y.; Tagari, H., and Volcani, R. (1964): Effect of water extracts of carob pods, tannic acid and their derivatives on the morphology and growth of microorganisms. Water microbial., 12 (3): 201-209.
Jones, W.T., and Mangan, J.L. (1977): Complexes of condensed tannins of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia scop.) with fraction of leaf protein and with submaxillary mucoprotein and their reversal by polyethylene glycol and pH. J.Sci. food Agric., 28: 126-136.
Kibon,A., and Maina,A.H.B. (1993): Dry Acacia sieberiana pods as a supplement to a low quality forgae for growing lambs in northern Nigeria. Trop. Anim. Health and production, 25: 59-64.
Krumholz, L.R., and Bryant, M.P. (1986): Eubacterium oxidoreducens species b requiring H2 or formate to degrade gallate, pyrogallol, phloroglucinol and quercetin. Arch. Microbial., 144: 8-14.
Leader, G.H. (1982): The clinical aspects of some diseases met within young throughbred foals. Vet. Record, 64: 241-245.
Lotfi, A.Y.,; Hassan, A.H., andIsmail, A.M. (1972): Studies on the value of rabbits and flesh producing animals. Egyptian Vet. Med. J., XX (20): 143-147.
Mackintosch, C.; Haigh, J.C., and Griffin, F. (2002): Bacterial diseases of formed deer and bison. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 21 (2): 249-263.
Makkar, H.P.S.; Blummel, M.; Browy, N., and Becker, K. (1993): Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. J.Sci. food agriculture, 61: 161-165.
McLeod, M.N. (1974): Plant tannins-their role in forgae quality. Nutr. Abstr., 44: 803-815.
Megalla, S.E.; El-Keltawi, N.E.M., and Ross, S.A. (1980): A study of antimicrobial action of some essential oil constituents. Berba polonica, 26 (3): 181-186.
Mueller, W.; Bauman, M., and Younan, M. (1993): Use of tropical plant polyphenols as a feed additive with respect to pathogenic clostridia species. 3rd Int. sheep Vet. Conf., Vol., 17 pp.232.
Nekahara, K.; Kawabata, S.; Hiroyuli, O.; Ogura, K.; Tanaka, T.; Ooshima, T., and Hamada, S. (1993): Inhibitory effect of Oolong tea polyphenols on glucosyl-tranferase of mutans Streptococci. Appl. & Environ. Microbiol., 59 (4): 968-973.
Osawa, R. (1990): Formation of a clear zone of tannin-treated brain heart infusion agar by a Streptococcus species isolated from faeces of koalas. Appl. & Environ. Microbiol., 56 (3): 829-831.
Oxer, D.T. (1956): Enterotoxaemia in goats. Australian Vet. J., 32: 62-66.
Parish, W.E. (1961): Necrotic enteritis in the fowl. III the experimental disease. Journal of comparative pathology and therapeutics, 71: 405-413.
Patton, N.M.; Holes, H.T.; Riggs, R.J., and Checke, P.R. (1978): Enterotoxaemia in rabbits. Lab. Animals Sci., 28(5): 356-340.
Porter, L.J.; Hrstich, L.H., and Chan, B.G. (1986): The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochem., 25: 79-103.
Provenza, F.D., and Malechek, J.C. (1984): Diet selection by domestic goats in relation to blackburch twig chemistry. J. Applied Ecolo., 21: 831-841.
Schragle, R. (1990): Untersuchungen uber den Einfluss pflanzlicher Tannine auf die Tenazitat von pathogenen Bacterien in einem in-vitro pansensystem. Diss. Fak. IV, Agrawiss.II, Universitat Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.
Seifert, H.S.H.; Bader, K.; Cyplik, J.; Gonzalez Salinas, J.; Roth, F.; Salinas Malendez, J.A. and Sukop, U. (1996): Environment, incidence, aetiology and immunopro-phylaxis of soil-borne disease in north –East Mexico. J. Vet. Med., B 43 (1): 281-287.
Smith, L.D. (1957): Clostridial diseases of animals. Advance Vet. Sci., 3: 465-524.
Snedecor, G.W., and Cochran, W.G. (1989): Statistical methods. 8th Ed. Iowa State University, Press, Ames, Iowa.
Sotohy A.S. (1994): The effect of some tannin containing plants from Upper Egypt on selected pathogenic microorganisms of intestine of small ruminants. Ph.D., Fac. Of Vet. Med., Assiut University, Assiut-Egypt.
Sotohy. A.S.; Ismail, A.A., and Mueller, W. (1995): Further studies on the antimicrobial properties of some plan materials in relation to their tannin contant. 3rd Sci. Cong., Egyptian Society for cattle diseases, 3-5 Dec., 1995, Assiut-Egypt.
Takechi, M.; Tanaka, Y.; Takehara, M.; Nonaka, G., and Nishioka, I. (1985): Structure and antiherpetic activity among the tannins. Phytochem., 24:2245-2250.
Templeton, G.S. (1942): Domestic rabbits in the food for freedom programme, U.S. Dept. interior, fish and wildlife serve., wildlife leafleat No. 218, pp. 9. Nutrition Abstracts and reviews 1943 Vol. 18.
Toply, W.W., and Wilson, G.S. (1990): Principles of bacteriology, Virology and immunology. 8th. Ed., Systematic bacterilogy.