PROTEASES AND LIPASES ACTIVITY OF FUNGI ISOLATED FROM LOCAL CHEESE, REPUBLIC OF YEMEN نشاط إنزيمات البروتين والدهون للفطريات المعزولة من الجبنه المحلية – الجمهورية اليمنية

Abstract

Proteases and Lipases Activity of Fungi Isolated from Local Cheese, Republic of Yemen
Abdul Rahman .A.H.Humaid.(1), Al-Ghalibi S. M. S.(2) Abdel- Sater M. A.(3), and Salahaddin R. H.(4)
 (1,2)Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Sana a University, Sana a, Yemen.
(3) Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
(4) Microbiology Department, , Faculty of Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.
ABSTRACT
 A 99 fungal isolates represented 25 species related to 7 genera were isolated in the current study. They were screened for their ability to produce lipase and protease enzymes from the 35 positive isolates for protease. There are only 3 isolates could produce the enzyme in moderate activity which related to Aspergillus niger and A. sydowii. The remaining isolates 32 (91.4 % of the positive isolates) have weakly enzyme production and these belonging to A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum and P. oxalicum. The results revealed that from the 99 tested isolates, about 34 isolates (34.34 %) could produce lipase. 9 isolates (9.1%) of P. citrinum exhibited high activity for lipase production. Whereas, 8 isolates (8.1%) belonging to P. expansum, P. islandicum and P. paxilli could produce lipase enzyme in moderate ability. While the isolates of Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum and P. roqueforti were weakly producers.
نشاط إنزيمات البروتين والدهون للفطريات المعزولة من الجبنه المحلية –
الجمهورية اليمنية
عبدالرحمن عبدالله حميد(1)-سعيد منصر الغالبي (1)-رياض صلاح الدين(2)-محمد عبدالستار(3)
1.قسم علوم الحياة- کلية العلوم-جامعة صنعاء – اليمن
2.قسم الميکروبيولوجي- کلية العلوم التطبيقية-جامعة تعز- اليمن
3.قسم النبات- کلية العلوم – جامعة أسيوط- مصر
 
 
ملخص البحث:
تم اختبار 99 عزلة فطرية تنتمي إلى 25 نوع و 7 أجناس عزلت في الدراسة الحالية لمعرفة قدرتها على إنتاج إنزيمات الليبيز و البروتيز . من العزلات الموجبة (35 عزلة) لإنزيم البروتيز 3 عزلات فقط لها القدرة على إنتاج الإنزيم بفعالية معتدلة وهي تنتمي إلى A. niger, A. sydowii. بينما العزلات المتبقية 32 (91.4 % العزلات الموجبة) تفرز الإنزيم بفعالية ضعيفة وهي تتمثل بـ
A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum, P. oxalicum.
أظهرت النتائج بأن من بين 99 عزلة المختبرة حوالي 34 عزلة (34.34 % من العزلات) أظهرت مقدرتها على إفراز إنزيمات الليبيز. وجد أن 9 عزلات (9.1 % من مجموع العزلات) من P. citrinum ذات مستوى عالي لإنتاج الليبيز. بينما 8 عزلات (8.1 % من مجموع العزلات) تنتمي إلى P. expansum, P. islandicum, P. paxilli تفرز إنزيم الليبيز بفعالية معتدلة. في حين أن العزلات Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum, P. roqueforti  تفرز الإنزيم بفعالية ضعيفة.
Extraction protease expressed by Penicillium fellutanum from the Brazilian savanna using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium polyacrylate/NaCl aqueous two‐phase system.
 

Highlights

     

  

 

AUCES

 

Proteases and Lipases Activity of Fungi Isolated from Local Cheese, Republic of Yemen

Abdul Rahman .A.H.Humaid.(1), Al-Ghalibi S. M. S.(2) Abdel- Sater M. A.(3), and Salahaddin R. H.(4)

 (1,2)Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Sana a University, Sana a, Yemen.

(3) Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

(4) Microbiology Department, , Faculty of Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.

ABSTRACT

 A 99 fungal isolates represented 25 species related to 7 genera were isolated in the current study. They were screened for their ability to produce lipase and protease enzymes from the 35 positive isolates for protease. There are only 3 isolates could produce the enzyme in moderate activity which related to Aspergillus niger and A. sydowii. The remaining isolates 32 (91.4 % of the positive isolates) have weakly enzyme production and these belonging to A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum and P. oxalicum. The results revealed that from the 99 tested isolates, about 34 isolates (34.34 %) could produce lipase. 9 isolates (9.1%) of P. citrinum exhibited high activity for lipase production. Whereas, 8 isolates (8.1%) belonging to P. expansum, P. islandicum and P. paxilli could produce lipase enzyme in moderate ability. While the isolates of Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum and P. roqueforti were weakly producers.

 

Introduction

Enzymes are an organic substance produced by living cells. They have the property of causing and regulating specific chemical reactions inside or outside living cells, responsible for supporting almost all of the chemical reactions that maintain living cells (Desnuelle 1972).

Enzymes are present in all curds and even after the bacteria and fungi die. The major enzymes are protease, lipase, phosphatase, xanthine oxidase and lactoperoxidase (Macrae 1983).

The enzymes come from the milk itself and microbes present in the milk. Pasteurization inactivates many enzymes in the raw milk (Godfredson 1990).

Some of our foods may be enzyme-deficient, causing imbalances in our organs, acting as a predisposing cause of disease (Fregapane et al. 1991).

A review of the microbial enzymes used in dairy applications; primarily, milk-clotting enzymes or rennets, recombinant fungal and bacterial rennets for cheese manufacture and fungal lactases for the manufacture of some milk products with reduced content of lactose was presented. Other dairy enzymes include proteinases for accelerated cheese ripening for good flavour also textural development to reduce allergic properties of cow milk products for infants as well lipases for the development of lipolytic flavours in specialty cheeses (Neelakantan 1991),(Amaal et al. 2016), (Ozturkoglu et al. 2016) and(Albuquerque et al. 2017).

Proteases are the most important groups of enzymes constituting the second   from the

third of the total industrial enzymes marketed (Gerhart 1990 and Singh et al. 1990) (Suganthi et al. 2013) and (Ozturkoglu et al. 2016).

They play an important role in the production of fermented foods and in the dairy industry for clotting of milk (Singh et al. 1994) (Císarová et al 2012).

Also the flavour of the final milk product is mainly due to the proteolytic activity (López-Díaz et al. 1996) (Mozzi,2015) and (Xiaoji et al. 2017).

Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively (Chou et al. 2001),(Amaal et al. 2016 and Albuquerque et al. 2017).

Fusarium culmorum (Pekkarinen et al. 2002) A. niger (Poza et al. 2000, Paoletti et al. 2001) Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, fatty acids and glycerol at the interface between aqueous and the lipid phase (Veeraragavan 1990 and Thomson et al. 1999) (Suganthi et al. 2013).

  Some lipases are nonspecific, catalyzing reactions at all positions in triacylglycerols, while the others are regiospecific, catalyzing reactions at specific positions on the lipid molecules (Sonnet and Gazzillo 1991) (Mina et al. 2017).

The later group of enzymes has many industrial applications including the improvement of flavor through removal of lipids for dairy (Imai and Tsujisaka 1984) and (Xiaoji et al. 2017).

Fungal lipases have been studied since 1950s, and have presented comprehensive reviews. These lipases are being exploited due to their low cost of extraction, thermal and pH stability, substrate specificity, and activity in organic solvents. The chief producers of commercial lipases are Aspergillus niger, Candida cylindracea, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Rhizopus arrhizus, R. delemar, R. japonicus, R. niveus and R. oryzae (Godfredson 1990 and Lawson et al. 1994).

Lipolytic enzymes were isolated from the culture fluid of Geotrichum asteroides by (Kazanina et al. 1981).

Lipase produced by Trichosporon heteromorphum ATCC 20001 was examined in media containing soyabean oil and residues but at present the strain ATCC 20001 has been reidentified as Geotrichum klebahnii (Veeraragavan and Gibbs 1989).

Lipases are placed after proteases and carbohydrases in world enzyme market and share about 5 % of enzyme market (Suganthi et al. 2013).

They occur in plants, animals and microorganisms and are accordingly classified as plant, animal and microbial lipases. Wherever they exist, their function to catalyze hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acid. Like carbohydrases and proteases, lipases of microbial origin enjoy greater industrial importance as they are more stable (compared to plant and animal lipases) and can be obtained in bulk at low cost. Majority of yeast lipases are extracellular, monomeric glycoproteins with molecular weight ranging between ~33 to ~65 kD. More than 50 % reported lipases producing yeast, produce it in the forms of various isozymes. These lipase isozymes are in turn produced by various lipase encoding genes. Among many lipase producing yeasts Candida rugosa is most frequently used yeast as the source of lipase commercially (Vakhlu and Kour 2006) (Yadave et al. 2012) and (Xiaoji et al. 2017).

There are several reports on the multiple forms of lipases produced by the microorganism especially filamentous fungi (Fukuda et al. 2001) and (Albuquerque et al. 2017).

This multiplicity has been ascribed to post-transcriptional processing, existence of different genes, deglycosylation etc. Among yeasts, Candida albicans, C. antarctica, C. rugosa, Geotrichum asteroids, G. candidum, Trichosporon fermentans, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, Yarrowia lipolytica (formally Candida paralipolytica) (Pandey et al. 1999) (Marin et al.2019).

Materials and Methods

1- Organisms and Culture Maintenance.

Ninety-nine fungal isolates recovered from cheese samples were screened for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes in solid media. The following fungal organisms were tested: Alternaria tenuissima (1 isolate); Aspergillus candidus (2); A. flavus (4); A. niger (2); A. ochraceus (9); A. petrakii (1); A. sydowii (8); A. tamarii (6); A. terreus (5); Emericella nidulans (2); Geotrichum candidum (1); Humicola fascoatra (1); Mucor circinelloides (10); M. hiemalis (2); M. racemosus (7); Penicillium aurantiogriseum (1); P. chrysogenum (1); P. citrinum (16); P. expansum (5); P. funiculosum (1); P. islandicum (3); P. oxalicum (3); P. paxilli (2); P. roqueforti (3) and P. steckii (3). These fungi were maintained on Czapek’s agar and were subcultured every three weeks.

a) Protease activity.

The fungal proteolytic activity was tested using a casein hydrolysis medium (Paterson and Bridge 1994),(Ozturkoglu et al 2016).

This medium was intended for presumptive protease activity and contains skim milk which gives an opaque final medium. Hydrolysis of the casein, which may also be due to acid production, result in a clear zone around the fungal colony. The composition of the medium (g/l): KH2PO4, 1.0; KCl, 0.5; MgSO4. 7H2O, 0.2; CaCl2.2H2O, 0.1; 15 % skim milk, 25.0 ml; Glucose, 10; Agar, 12; Distilled water to 1 liter). 15 % skim milk was made by dissolving 3.75g skim milk in 25 ml distilled water and dissolved to a creamy texture prior to adding to the medium. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 ◦C for 30 minutes. Then the cooled medium was poured into 9 cm Petri-dishes (20 ml/plate).

b) Lipase activity.

The lipolytic activity was measured using the method of Ullman and Blasins (1974) with some modification. Tween 80 (poly oxy-ethylene sorbitan mono oleate) was added instead of Tween 20. The basal medium was composed of ; peptone, 1 %; MgS04. 7H20, 0.2 %; CaCl2. 2H20, 0.02 %; Tween 80, 1 % and Agar-agar, 1.5 %; pH 6.0. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 ◦C for 15 minutes. The Tween 80 was autoclaved separately and 1 ml per 100 ml of sterile was added thin cooled basal medium. Duplicate plates and test tubes were inoculated on the surface of agar by single spot inoculum and were incubated at 28 ◦C for 10 days for fungi. The formation of lipolytic enzymes by a colony was seen either as a visible precipitate due to the formation of crystals of calcium salt of the oleic acid liberated by the enzyme or as opaque zone surrounding the colony consisted of calcium salts of free fatty acid and was usually considered indicative of positive lipolytic activity.

Result and Discussion

Some 99 isolates represented 25 species related to 7 genera commonly isolated in the current study were screened for their ability to produce lipase and protease enzymes. Using solid media and measuring the clear zone around the fungal colonies, we observed the activity of the tested isolates.

1- Protease enzymes.

Table (1) showed that, of 99 isolates tested for protease production about 35 isolates could produce these enzymes. From the positive isolates 3 isolates (8.6 % of total positive isolates) related to A. niger and A. sydowii could produce enzyme with moderate activity, The remaining isolates 32 (91.4 % of the positive isolates) were weakly enzyme producers and these belonged to A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum and P. oxalicum. These results were agree to a great extent with findings reported by Robertsen (1984), Mohawed et al. (1993), Singh et al. (1994), Abdel-Gawad (1997), Wu and Hang (2000), Benech et al. (2003),Hickey et al. (2007),(Amaal et al. 2016) and (Ozturkoglu et al. 2016).

They tested several species of fungi including the same species and noticed that these fungi have ability to produce acid or alkaline proteases in different degrees. Also, (Moharram and El-Zyat 1989) and (Feijoo-Siota et al. 2014) tested the ability of different fungal isolates to produce proteolytic enzymes. They observed that most isolates were able to produce protease but in varying degrees. It was also observed that not only the species of a single genus differed in the production of this enzyme but also the different isolates within the same species. Omar et al. (1999) ended an extensive study on the protease activity of (96) fungal isolates. They noticed that from 72 positive isolates, 28 isolates were highly proteolytic, 21 moderately degrading milk protein and the remaining isolates were weakly producers.

Ahmed and Abdel-Sater (2003) reported that, among 73 tested isolates for proteolytic activity about 84.9 % of the isolates (62 isolates) could produce protease enzymes with variable degrees. From the positive strains 30 isolates (48.4 %) exhibited highest protease production and these strains related to Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, and A. sydowii. Nineteen positive isolates could produce enzyme with moderate degree including Fusarium oxysporum, A. niger, Cladosporium and Penicillium species and thirteen (21 %) isolates were weakly producers.

2- Lipase enzyme.

The results revealed that, from the 99 tested isolates , about 34 isolates (34.34 %) could produce lipase enzymes. 9 isolates (9.1 %) of P. citrinum exhibited high lipase production. Whereas, 8 isolates (8. %) 1belonging to P. expansum, P. islandicum, P. oxalicum and P. paxilli could produce lipase enzyme in moderate ability. On the other hand, from the positive isolates 17.2 % (17 isolates) had weakly enzyme production and these including isolates related to Geotrichum candidum, Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus, P. citrinum, P. funiculosum, P. islandicum, P. paxilli,  p. oxalicum, and P. roqueforti (Table 1) Most of the species tested were previously screened for their lipolytic abilities and showed the capability for enzyme synthesis with variable degrees depending on the isolates tested (Moharram et al. 1988, López-Díaz et al. 1996, Garcia-Lepe et al. 1997, Laila et al. 1998, Boutroua and Gueguenb 2005 and Miroslawa et al. 2006) and Marie et al. 2019).

Our results agree to some extent with the findings reported by López-Díaz et al. (1996) who studied the lipolytic activity of nine isolates of Penicillium roqueforti. They found that all of them capable to produce lipase enzyme. Garcia-Lepe et al. (1997) and (Mina et al. 2017) tested 51 fungal isolates for lipase activity and noticed that only 25 % of the isolates were lipase producers. Also, Laila et al. (1998) made an extensive study on lipase production by 90 fungal isolates identified from keratinaceous materials and observed that 38 % of the isolates have the ability to produce this enzyme. Barakat and Abdel-Sater (1999) and Ozturkgh et al. (2016) examined one hundred and five fungal isolates collected from raw butter (Milk products) and noticed that, 69 isolates showed lipolytic activity with variable degrees. Among these isolates, 14 isolates exhibited high activity, 24 with moderate and 31 were weakly producers other wise Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031) synthesizes different types of extracellular proteases. The objective of this study is to optimize polyethylene glycol (PEG)/citrate based on an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to purify protease from Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031).The effects of different PEG molecular weights (1500-10,000 g/mol), PEG concentration (9%-20%), concentrations of NaCl (0%-10%) and the citrate buffer (8%-16%) on protease were also studied. The best protease purification could be achieved under the conditions of 9.0% (w/w) PEG 8000, 5.2% NaCl, and 15.9% sodium citrate concentration, which resulted in a one-sided protease partitioning for the bottom phase with a partition coefficient of 0.2, a 6.8-fold protease purification factor, and a yield of 93% (Alhelli et al. 2016).

Chahinian et al. (2000), Alhelli et al. (2016) reported that, amongest fungi, the genus Penicillium contains many lipase producers. Hiol et al. (2003) could isolate several lipolytic fungi from palm fruits, and they found two extracellular lipases from Mucor hiemalis, f. Hiemalis and Rhizopus oryzae. Wahba (2003) studied 31 isolates representing 7 species for lipase production. He found that, the most active isolates for enzyme production were related to A. niger and A. alternata whereas, moderate activity was achieved by A. tenussima, F. moniliforme, M. racemosus, P. aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum and P. corylophilum. A. terreus, E. purpurascens and one isolate of P. corylophilum showing no activity. Akiba et al. (2004) reported that, the lipases of Penicillium aurantiogriseum have been extensively studied and found industrial application in the production of monoacylglycerides. Two strains of filamentous fungi, classified as Mucorales, from the pure culture collection (Institute of Technical Biochemistry in TU of Lodz) that known to be efficient producers of intracellular lipases, and they observed very high hydrolytic and synthetic activities (approximately 10 and 5 katal/g of membrane-bound lipase (MBL) preparations, respectively).These two strains (M. circinelloides and M. racemosus). When cultured in media optimized for the biosynthesis of lipases, simultaneously accumulate large amounts of lipids in their mycelia (Antczak et al. 1999 and Antczak 2001).

Amounts of lipids, which were extracted from mycelia of these strains (as a by-product of enzyme biosynthesis) with organic solvent (e.g. with acetone when the active MBL preparations were obtained), reached 20 g/l (40 - 60 % biomass d.w.) which implied that they could be used as a source of SCOs. Due to a scarcity of reports on eukaryotic, oleaginous species capable of storing such large amounts of lipids (Ratledge 2002, Somashekar et al. 2002, Papanikolaou et al. 2004 and Kamzolova et al. 2005) and Mina et al. 2017).

 

Table (1): Number of tested isolates (NTI) and number of Positive isolates (NPI) screened for lipase and protease production.

Species

NIT

Lipase

Protease

NIP

Degree of production

NIP

Degree of production

H

M

W

H

M

W

Alternaria tenuissima

1

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Aspergillus candidus

2

0

-

-

-

1

-

-

1

A. flavus

4

0

-

-

-

3

-

-

3

A. niger

2

0

-

-

-

2

-

2

-

A. ochraceus

9

0

-

-

-

1

-

-

1

A. petrakii

1

0

-

-

-

1

-

-

1

A. sydowii

8

0

-

-

-

6

-

1

5

A. tamarii

6

0

-

-

-

2

-

-

2

A. terreus

5

0

-

-

-

1

-

-

1

Emericella nidulans

2

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Geotrichum candidum

1

1

-

-

1

1

-

-

1

Humicola fascoatra

1

0

-

-

-

1

-

-

1

Mucor circinelloides

10

4

-

-

4

-

-

-

-

M. hiemalis

2

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

M. racemosus

7

2

-

-

2

2

-

-

2

Penicillium aurantiogriseum

1

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

    P. chrysogenum

1

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 

W = Weak ≤ 0.5 cm    M = Moderate 0.5 cm   H =  High ≥ 1 cm

Table (1): Continued

Species

NTI

Lipase

Protease

NIP

Degree of production

NPI

Degree of production

H

M

W

H

M

W

    P. chrysogenum

1

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

P. citrinum

16

13

9

1

3

13

-

-

13

P. expansum

5

3

-

3

-

-

-

-

-

P. funiculosum

1

1

-

 

1

-

-

-

-

P. islandicum

3

3

-

2

1

-

-

-

-

P. oxalicum

3

3

-

1

2

1

-

-

1

P. paxilli

2

2

-

1

1

-

-

-

-

P. roqueforti

3

2

-

-

2

-

-

-

-

P. steckii

3

0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Total isolates

99

34

9

8

17

35

0

3

32

W = Weak ≤ 0.5 cm    M = Moderate 0.5 cm   H =  High ≥ 1 cm

 

 

 
 
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نشاط إنزیمات البروتین والدهون للفطریات المعزولة من الجبنه المحلیة –

الجمهوریة الیمنیة

عبدالرحمن عبدالله حمید(1)-سعید منصر الغالبی (1)-ریاض صلاح الدین(2)-محمد عبدالستار(3)

1.قسم علوم الحیاة- کلیة العلوم-جامعة صنعاء – الیمن

2.قسم المیکروبیولوجی- کلیة العلوم التطبیقیة-جامعة تعز- الیمن

3.قسم النبات- کلیة العلوم – جامعة أسیوط- مصر

 

 

ملخص البحث:

تم اختبار 99 عزلة فطریة تنتمی إلى 25 نوع و 7 أجناس عزلت فی الدراسة الحالیة لمعرفة قدرتها على إنتاج إنزیمات اللیبیز و البروتیز . من العزلات الموجبة (35 عزلة) لإنزیم البروتیز 3 عزلات فقط لها القدرة على إنتاج الإنزیم بفعالیة معتدلة وهی تنتمی إلى A. niger, A. sydowii. بینما العزلات المتبقیة 32 (91.4 % العزلات الموجبة) تفرز الإنزیم بفعالیة ضعیفة وهی تتمثل بـ

A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum, P. oxalicum.

أظهرت النتائج بأن من بین 99 عزلة المختبرة حوالی 34 عزلة (34.34 % من العزلات) أظهرت مقدرتها على إفراز إنزیمات اللیبیز. وجد أن 9 عزلات (9.1 % من مجموع العزلات) من P. citrinum ذات مستوى عالی لإنتاج اللیبیز. بینما 8 عزلات (8.1 % من مجموع العزلات) تنتمی إلى P. expansum, P. islandicum, P. paxilli تفرز إنزیم اللیبیز بفعالیة معتدلة. فی حین أن العزلات Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum, P. roqueforti  تفرز الإنزیم بفعالیة ضعیفة.

Extraction protease expressed by Penicillium fellutanum from the Brazilian savanna using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium polyacrylate/NaCl aqueous two‐phase system.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Full Text

Proteases and Lipases Activity of Fungi Isolated from Local Cheese, Republic of Yemen

Abdul Rahman .A.H.Humaid.(1), Al-Ghalibi S. M. S.(2) Abdel- Sater M. A.(3), and Salahaddin R. H.(4)

 (1,2)Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Sana a University, Sana a, Yemen.

(3) Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.

(4) Microbiology Department, , Faculty of Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.

ABSTRACT

 A 99 fungal isolates represented 25 species related to 7 genera were isolated in the current study. They were screened for their ability to produce lipase and protease enzymes from the 35 positive isolates for protease. There are only 3 isolates could produce the enzyme in moderate activity which related to Aspergillus niger and A. sydowii. The remaining isolates 32 (91.4 % of the positive isolates) have weakly enzyme production and these belonging to A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum and P. oxalicum. The results revealed that from the 99 tested isolates, about 34 isolates (34.34 %) could produce lipase. 9 isolates (9.1%) of P. citrinum exhibited high activity for lipase production. Whereas, 8 isolates (8.1%) belonging to P. expansum, P. islandicum and P. paxilli could produce lipase enzyme in moderate ability. While the isolates of Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum and P. roqueforti were weakly producers.

نشاط إنزیمات البروتین والدهون للفطریات المعزولة من الجبنه المحلیة –

الجمهوریة الیمنیة

عبدالرحمن عبدالله حمید(1)-سعید منصر الغالبی (1)-ریاض صلاح الدین(2)-محمد عبدالستار(3)

1.قسم علوم الحیاة- کلیة العلوم-جامعة صنعاء – الیمن

2.قسم المیکروبیولوجی- کلیة العلوم التطبیقیة-جامعة تعز- الیمن

3.قسم النبات- کلیة العلوم – جامعة أسیوط- مصر

 

 

ملخص البحث:

تم اختبار 99 عزلة فطریة تنتمی إلى 25 نوع و 7 أجناس عزلت فی الدراسة الحالیة لمعرفة قدرتها على إنتاج إنزیمات اللیبیز و البروتیز . من العزلات الموجبة (35 عزلة) لإنزیم البروتیز 3 عزلات فقط لها القدرة على إنتاج الإنزیم بفعالیة معتدلة وهی تنتمی إلى A. niger, A. sydowii. بینما العزلات المتبقیة 32 (91.4 % العزلات الموجبة) تفرز الإنزیم بفعالیة ضعیفة وهی تتمثل بـ

A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum, P. oxalicum.

أظهرت النتائج بأن من بین 99 عزلة المختبرة حوالی 34 عزلة (34.34 % من العزلات) أظهرت مقدرتها على إفراز إنزیمات اللیبیز. وجد أن 9 عزلات (9.1 % من مجموع العزلات) من P. citrinum ذات مستوى عالی لإنتاج اللیبیز. بینما 8 عزلات (8.1 % من مجموع العزلات) تنتمی إلى P. expansum, P. islandicum, P. paxilli تفرز إنزیم اللیبیز بفعالیة معتدلة. فی حین أن العزلات Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum, P. roqueforti  تفرز الإنزیم بفعالیة ضعیفة.

Extraction protease expressed by Penicillium fellutanum from the Brazilian savanna using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium polyacrylate/NaCl aqueous two‐phase system.

References

       

 

AUCES

 
Proteases and Lipases Activity of Fungi Isolated from Local Cheese, Republic of Yemen
Abdul Rahman .A.H.Humaid.(1), Al-Ghalibi S. M. S.(2) Abdel- Sater M. A.(3), and Salahaddin R. H.(4)
 (1,2)Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Sana a University, Sana a, Yemen.
(3) Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
(4) Microbiology Department, , Faculty of Science, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen.
ABSTRACT
 A 99 fungal isolates represented 25 species related to 7 genera were isolated in the current study. They were screened for their ability to produce lipase and protease enzymes from the 35 positive isolates for protease. There are only 3 isolates could produce the enzyme in moderate activity which related to Aspergillus niger and A. sydowii. The remaining isolates 32 (91.4 % of the positive isolates) have weakly enzyme production and these belonging to A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum and P. oxalicum. The results revealed that from the 99 tested isolates, about 34 isolates (34.34 %) could produce lipase. 9 isolates (9.1%) of P. citrinum exhibited high activity for lipase production. Whereas, 8 isolates (8.1%) belonging to P. expansum, P. islandicum and P. paxilli could produce lipase enzyme in moderate ability. While the isolates of Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum and P. roqueforti were weakly producers.
 
Introduction
Enzymes are an organic substance produced by living cells. They have the property of causing and regulating specific chemical reactions inside or outside living cells, responsible for supporting almost all of the chemical reactions that maintain living cells (Desnuelle 1972).
Enzymes are present in all curds and even after the bacteria and fungi die. The major enzymes are protease, lipase, phosphatase, xanthine oxidase and lactoperoxidase (Macrae 1983).
The enzymes come from the milk itself and microbes present in the milk. Pasteurization inactivates many enzymes in the raw milk (Godfredson 1990).
Some of our foods may be enzyme-deficient, causing imbalances in our organs, acting as a predisposing cause of disease (Fregapane et al. 1991).
A review of the microbial enzymes used in dairy applications; primarily, milk-clotting enzymes or rennets, recombinant fungal and bacterial rennets for cheese manufacture and fungal lactases for the manufacture of some milk products with reduced content of lactose was presented. Other dairy enzymes include proteinases for accelerated cheese ripening for good flavour also textural development to reduce allergic properties of cow milk products for infants as well lipases for the development of lipolytic flavours in specialty cheeses (Neelakantan 1991),(Amaal et al. 2016), (Ozturkoglu et al. 2016) and(Albuquerque et al. 2017).
Proteases are the most important groups of enzymes constituting the second   from the
third of the total industrial enzymes marketed (Gerhart 1990 and Singh et al. 1990) (Suganthi et al. 2013) and (Ozturkoglu et al. 2016).
They play an important role in the production of fermented foods and in the dairy industry for clotting of milk (Singh et al. 1994) (Císarová et al 2012).
Also the flavour of the final milk product is mainly due to the proteolytic activity (López-Díaz et al. 1996) (Mozzi,2015) and (Xiaoji et al. 2017).
Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum and Aspergillus fumigatus, respectively (Chou et al. 2001),(Amaal et al. 2016 and Albuquerque et al. 2017).
Fusarium culmorum (Pekkarinen et al. 2002) A. niger (Poza et al. 2000, Paoletti et al. 2001) Lipases (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase) are a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to diacylglycerols, monoacylglycerols, fatty acids and glycerol at the interface between aqueous and the lipid phase (Veeraragavan 1990 and Thomson et al. 1999) (Suganthi et al. 2013).
  Some lipases are nonspecific, catalyzing reactions at all positions in triacylglycerols, while the others are regiospecific, catalyzing reactions at specific positions on the lipid molecules (Sonnet and Gazzillo 1991) (Mina et al. 2017).
The later group of enzymes has many industrial applications including the improvement of flavor through removal of lipids for dairy (Imai and Tsujisaka 1984) and (Xiaoji et al. 2017).
Fungal lipases have been studied since 1950s, and have presented comprehensive reviews. These lipases are being exploited due to their low cost of extraction, thermal and pH stability, substrate specificity, and activity in organic solvents. The chief producers of commercial lipases are Aspergillus niger, Candida cylindracea, Humicola lanuginosa, Mucor miehei, Rhizopus arrhizus, R. delemar, R. japonicus, R. niveus and R. oryzae (Godfredson 1990 and Lawson et al. 1994).
Lipolytic enzymes were isolated from the culture fluid of Geotrichum asteroides by (Kazanina et al. 1981).
Lipase produced by Trichosporon heteromorphum ATCC 20001 was examined in media containing soyabean oil and residues but at present the strain ATCC 20001 has been reidentified as Geotrichum klebahnii (Veeraragavan and Gibbs 1989).
Lipases are placed after proteases and carbohydrases in world enzyme market and share about 5 % of enzyme market (Suganthi et al. 2013).
They occur in plants, animals and microorganisms and are accordingly classified as plant, animal and microbial lipases. Wherever they exist, their function to catalyze hydrolysis of triglycerides to glycerol and fatty acid. Like carbohydrases and proteases, lipases of microbial origin enjoy greater industrial importance as they are more stable (compared to plant and animal lipases) and can be obtained in bulk at low cost. Majority of yeast lipases are extracellular, monomeric glycoproteins with molecular weight ranging between ~33 to ~65 kD. More than 50 % reported lipases producing yeast, produce it in the forms of various isozymes. These lipase isozymes are in turn produced by various lipase encoding genes. Among many lipase producing yeasts Candida rugosa is most frequently used yeast as the source of lipase commercially (Vakhlu and Kour 2006) (Yadave et al. 2012) and (Xiaoji et al. 2017).
There are several reports on the multiple forms of lipases produced by the microorganism especially filamentous fungi (Fukuda et al. 2001) and (Albuquerque et al. 2017).
This multiplicity has been ascribed to post-transcriptional processing, existence of different genes, deglycosylation etc. Among yeasts, Candida albicans, C. antarctica, C. rugosa, Geotrichum asteroids, G. candidum, Trichosporon fermentans, Saccharomycopsis lipolytica, Yarrowia lipolytica (formally Candida paralipolytica) (Pandey et al. 1999) (Marin et al.2019).
Materials and Methods
1- Organisms and Culture Maintenance.
Ninety-nine fungal isolates recovered from cheese samples were screened for their ability to produce extracellular enzymes in solid media. The following fungal organisms were tested: Alternaria tenuissima (1 isolate); Aspergillus candidus (2); A. flavus (4); A. niger (2); A. ochraceus (9); A. petrakii (1); A. sydowii (8); A. tamarii (6); A. terreus (5); Emericella nidulans (2); Geotrichum candidum (1); Humicola fascoatra (1); Mucor circinelloides (10); M. hiemalis (2); M. racemosus (7); Penicillium aurantiogriseum (1); P. chrysogenum (1); P. citrinum (16); P. expansum (5); P. funiculosum (1); P. islandicum (3); P. oxalicum (3); P. paxilli (2); P. roqueforti (3) and P. steckii (3). These fungi were maintained on Czapek’s agar and were subcultured every three weeks.
a) Protease activity.
The fungal proteolytic activity was tested using a casein hydrolysis medium (Paterson and Bridge 1994),(Ozturkoglu et al 2016).
This medium was intended for presumptive protease activity and contains skim milk which gives an opaque final medium. Hydrolysis of the casein, which may also be due to acid production, result in a clear zone around the fungal colony. The composition of the medium (g/l): KH2PO4, 1.0; KCl, 0.5; MgSO4. 7H2O, 0.2; CaCl2.2H2O, 0.1; 15 % skim milk, 25.0 ml; Glucose, 10; Agar, 12; Distilled water to 1 liter). 15 % skim milk was made by dissolving 3.75g skim milk in 25 ml distilled water and dissolved to a creamy texture prior to adding to the medium. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 ◦C for 30 minutes. Then the cooled medium was poured into 9 cm Petri-dishes (20 ml/plate).
b) Lipase activity.
The lipolytic activity was measured using the method of Ullman and Blasins (1974) with some modification. Tween 80 (poly oxy-ethylene sorbitan mono oleate) was added instead of Tween 20. The basal medium was composed of ; peptone, 1 %; MgS04. 7H20, 0.2 %; CaCl2. 2H20, 0.02 %; Tween 80, 1 % and Agar-agar, 1.5 %; pH 6.0. The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121 ◦C for 15 minutes. The Tween 80 was autoclaved separately and 1 ml per 100 ml of sterile was added thin cooled basal medium. Duplicate plates and test tubes were inoculated on the surface of agar by single spot inoculum and were incubated at 28 ◦C for 10 days for fungi. The formation of lipolytic enzymes by a colony was seen either as a visible precipitate due to the formation of crystals of calcium salt of the oleic acid liberated by the enzyme or as opaque zone surrounding the colony consisted of calcium salts of free fatty acid and was usually considered indicative of positive lipolytic activity.
Result and Discussion
Some 99 isolates represented 25 species related to 7 genera commonly isolated in the current study were screened for their ability to produce lipase and protease enzymes. Using solid media and measuring the clear zone around the fungal colonies, we observed the activity of the tested isolates.
1- Protease enzymes.
Table (1) showed that, of 99 isolates tested for protease production about 35 isolates could produce these enzymes. From the positive isolates 3 isolates (8.6 % of total positive isolates) related to A. niger and A. sydowii could produce enzyme with moderate activity, The remaining isolates 32 (91.4 % of the positive isolates) were weakly enzyme producers and these belonged to A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum and P. oxalicum. These results were agree to a great extent with findings reported by Robertsen (1984), Mohawed et al. (1993), Singh et al. (1994), Abdel-Gawad (1997), Wu and Hang (2000), Benech et al. (2003),Hickey et al. (2007),(Amaal et al. 2016) and (Ozturkoglu et al. 2016).
They tested several species of fungi including the same species and noticed that these fungi have ability to produce acid or alkaline proteases in different degrees. Also, (Moharram and El-Zyat 1989) and (Feijoo-Siota et al. 2014) tested the ability of different fungal isolates to produce proteolytic enzymes. They observed that most isolates were able to produce protease but in varying degrees. It was also observed that not only the species of a single genus differed in the production of this enzyme but also the different isolates within the same species. Omar et al. (1999) ended an extensive study on the protease activity of (96) fungal isolates. They noticed that from 72 positive isolates, 28 isolates were highly proteolytic, 21 moderately degrading milk protein and the remaining isolates were weakly producers.
Ahmed and Abdel-Sater (2003) reported that, among 73 tested isolates for proteolytic activity about 84.9 % of the isolates (62 isolates) could produce protease enzymes with variable degrees. From the positive strains 30 isolates (48.4 %) exhibited highest protease production and these strains related to Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, and A. sydowii. Nineteen positive isolates could produce enzyme with moderate degree including Fusarium oxysporum, A. niger, Cladosporium and Penicillium species and thirteen (21 %) isolates were weakly producers.
2- Lipase enzyme.
The results revealed that, from the 99 tested isolates , about 34 isolates (34.34 %) could produce lipase enzymes. 9 isolates (9.1 %) of P. citrinum exhibited high lipase production. Whereas, 8 isolates (8. %) 1belonging to P. expansum, P. islandicum, P. oxalicum and P. paxilli could produce lipase enzyme in moderate ability. On the other hand, from the positive isolates 17.2 % (17 isolates) had weakly enzyme production and these including isolates related to Geotrichum candidum, Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus, P. citrinum, P. funiculosum, P. islandicum, P. paxilli,  p. oxalicum, and P. roqueforti (Table 1) Most of the species tested were previously screened for their lipolytic abilities and showed the capability for enzyme synthesis with variable degrees depending on the isolates tested (Moharram et al. 1988, López-Díaz et al. 1996, Garcia-Lepe et al. 1997, Laila et al. 1998, Boutroua and Gueguenb 2005 and Miroslawa et al. 2006) and Marie et al. 2019).
Our results agree to some extent with the findings reported by López-Díaz et al. (1996) who studied the lipolytic activity of nine isolates of Penicillium roqueforti. They found that all of them capable to produce lipase enzyme. Garcia-Lepe et al. (1997) and (Mina et al. 2017) tested 51 fungal isolates for lipase activity and noticed that only 25 % of the isolates were lipase producers. Also, Laila et al. (1998) made an extensive study on lipase production by 90 fungal isolates identified from keratinaceous materials and observed that 38 % of the isolates have the ability to produce this enzyme. Barakat and Abdel-Sater (1999) and Ozturkgh et al. (2016) examined one hundred and five fungal isolates collected from raw butter (Milk products) and noticed that, 69 isolates showed lipolytic activity with variable degrees. Among these isolates, 14 isolates exhibited high activity, 24 with moderate and 31 were weakly producers other wise Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031) synthesizes different types of extracellular proteases. The objective of this study is to optimize polyethylene glycol (PEG)/citrate based on an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to purify protease from Penicillium candidum (PCA 1/TT031).The effects of different PEG molecular weights (1500-10,000 g/mol), PEG concentration (9%-20%), concentrations of NaCl (0%-10%) and the citrate buffer (8%-16%) on protease were also studied. The best protease purification could be achieved under the conditions of 9.0% (w/w) PEG 8000, 5.2% NaCl, and 15.9% sodium citrate concentration, which resulted in a one-sided protease partitioning for the bottom phase with a partition coefficient of 0.2, a 6.8-fold protease purification factor, and a yield of 93% (Alhelli et al. 2016).
Chahinian et al. (2000), Alhelli et al. (2016) reported that, amongest fungi, the genus Penicillium contains many lipase producers. Hiol et al. (2003) could isolate several lipolytic fungi from palm fruits, and they found two extracellular lipases from Mucor hiemalis, f. Hiemalis and Rhizopus oryzae. Wahba (2003) studied 31 isolates representing 7 species for lipase production. He found that, the most active isolates for enzyme production were related to A. niger and A. alternata whereas, moderate activity was achieved by A. tenussima, F. moniliforme, M. racemosus, P. aurantiogriseum, P. chrysogenum and P. corylophilum. A. terreus, E. purpurascens and one isolate of P. corylophilum showing no activity. Akiba et al. (2004) reported that, the lipases of Penicillium aurantiogriseum have been extensively studied and found industrial application in the production of monoacylglycerides. Two strains of filamentous fungi, classified as Mucorales, from the pure culture collection (Institute of Technical Biochemistry in TU of Lodz) that known to be efficient producers of intracellular lipases, and they observed very high hydrolytic and synthetic activities (approximately 10 and 5 katal/g of membrane-bound lipase (MBL) preparations, respectively).These two strains (M. circinelloides and M. racemosus). When cultured in media optimized for the biosynthesis of lipases, simultaneously accumulate large amounts of lipids in their mycelia (Antczak et al. 1999 and Antczak 2001).
Amounts of lipids, which were extracted from mycelia of these strains (as a by-product of enzyme biosynthesis) with organic solvent (e.g. with acetone when the active MBL preparations were obtained), reached 20 g/l (40 - 60 % biomass d.w.) which implied that they could be used as a source of SCOs. Due to a scarcity of reports on eukaryotic, oleaginous species capable of storing such large amounts of lipids (Ratledge 2002, Somashekar et al. 2002, Papanikolaou et al. 2004 and Kamzolova et al. 2005) and Mina et al. 2017).
 
Table (1): Number of tested isolates (NTI) and number of Positive isolates (NPI) screened for lipase and protease production.
Species
NIT
Lipase
Protease
NIP
Degree of production
NIP
Degree of production
H
M
W
H
M
W
Alternaria tenuissima
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Aspergillus candidus
2
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
A. flavus
4
0
-
-
-
3
-
-
3
A. niger
2
0
-
-
-
2
-
2
-
A. ochraceus
9
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
A. petrakii
1
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
A. sydowii
8
0
-
-
-
6
-
1
5
A. tamarii
6
0
-
-
-
2
-
-
2
A. terreus
5
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
Emericella nidulans
2
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Geotrichum candidum
1
1
-
-
1
1
-
-
1
Humicola fascoatra
1
0
-
-
-
1
-
-
1
Mucor circinelloides
10
4
-
-
4
-
-
-
-
M. hiemalis
2
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
M. racemosus
7
2
-
-
2
2
-
-
2
Penicillium aurantiogriseum
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
    P. chrysogenum
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
 
W = Weak ≤ 0.5 cm    M = Moderate 0.5 cm   H =  High ≥ 1 cm
Table (1): Continued
Species
NTI
Lipase
Protease
NIP
Degree of production
NPI
Degree of production
H
M
W
H
M
W
    P. chrysogenum
1
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
P. citrinum
16
13
9
1
3
13
-
-
13
P. expansum
5
3
-
3
-
-
-
-
-
P. funiculosum
1
1
-
 
1
-
-
-
-
P. islandicum
3
3
-
2
1
-
-
-
-
P. oxalicum
3
3
-
1
2
1
-
-
1
P. paxilli
2
2
-
1
1
-
-
-
-
P. roqueforti
3
2
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
P. steckii
3
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Total isolates
99
34
9
8
17
35
0
3
32
W = Weak ≤ 0.5 cm    M = Moderate 0.5 cm   H =  High ≥ 1 cm
 
 
 
 
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نشاط إنزیمات البروتین والدهون للفطریات المعزولة من الجبنه المحلیة –
الجمهوریة الیمنیة
عبدالرحمن عبدالله حمید(1)-سعید منصر الغالبی (1)-ریاض صلاح الدین(2)-محمد عبدالستار(3)
1.قسم علوم الحیاة- کلیة العلوم-جامعة صنعاء – الیمن
2.قسم المیکروبیولوجی- کلیة العلوم التطبیقیة-جامعة تعز- الیمن
3.قسم النبات- کلیة العلوم – جامعة أسیوط- مصر
 
 
ملخص البحث:
تم اختبار 99 عزلة فطریة تنتمی إلى 25 نوع و 7 أجناس عزلت فی الدراسة الحالیة لمعرفة قدرتها على إنتاج إنزیمات اللیبیز و البروتیز . من العزلات الموجبة (35 عزلة) لإنزیم البروتیز 3 عزلات فقط لها القدرة على إنتاج الإنزیم بفعالیة معتدلة وهی تنتمی إلى A. niger, A. sydowii. بینما العزلات المتبقیة 32 (91.4 % العزلات الموجبة) تفرز الإنزیم بفعالیة ضعیفة وهی تتمثل بـ
A. flavus, A. sydowii, A. tamarii, M. racemosus, P. citrinum, P. oxalicum.
أظهرت النتائج بأن من بین 99 عزلة المختبرة حوالی 34 عزلة (34.34 % من العزلات) أظهرت مقدرتها على إفراز إنزیمات اللیبیز. وجد أن 9 عزلات (9.1 % من مجموع العزلات) من P. citrinum ذات مستوى عالی لإنتاج اللیبیز. بینما 8 عزلات (8.1 % من مجموع العزلات) تنتمی إلى P. expansum, P. islandicum, P. paxilli تفرز إنزیم اللیبیز بفعالیة معتدلة. فی حین أن العزلات Mucor circinelloides, M. racemosus P. oxalicum, P. roqueforti  تفرز الإنزیم بفعالیة ضعیفة.
Extraction protease expressed by Penicillium fellutanum from the Brazilian savanna using poly(ethylene glycol)/sodium polyacrylate/NaCl aqueous two‐phase system.

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